Tuesday, February 24, 2015

The Road To Fluency: Using Tens Frames to Their Potential

Last week, I posted about using tens frames as a foundation for teaching number relationships. Continuing with that same theme, this week's post is about using tens frames to help students create addition and subtraction equations to match the visual they have created.

After students have mastered expressing number relationships using the tens frame verbally, they can then use the tens frame to connect the number relationships they have discovered to addition and subtraction equations. At first, students should work only within 5 in order for students to use the number 5 in a similar manner to the number 10. Rather than simply discussing the relationships found between numbers as in previous examples and activities, the teacher should guide students in constructing first addition, then subtraction problems (Flexer, 1986). 

The activities from the previous post can be used to create addition and subtraction equations. For example, using activity 7 a student rolls a 4 using the die and places that many counters on the tens frame. Using the sentence frame, a student would construct the sentence “I have 4, I need 6 more to get 10.” The student could then write down the equation 4 + 6 =10. The student could also write 6 + 4 = 10 following the commutative property of addition


For more advanced students, you could also introduce the idea of fact families. Fact families are four equations that are related by the same three numbers (get it, family?...ahaa!). For example...



4 + 6 = 10
6 + 4 = 10
10 - 4 = 6
10 - 6 = 4

As students become more familiar with certain facts, they can use the familial ties to solve related problems. If a student encounters the equation 10 - 4 = d and they are fluent in the relationships between fact families, the will realize that 4 + 6 = 10, so 10 - 4 = 6.  Again, all of this relates back to familiarity (and to an extent, mastery) of the tens frame.

ten frame with 6 counters
This tens frame shows 6. The 6 anchors to both 5 and 10. In relationship to 10, 6 is 4 less than 10(or 6 needs 4 more to get to 10). In relationship to 5, 6 is one more than 5, or 5 needs one more to get to six. A child fluent in this vocabulary will be able to "cross over" and make equations based off of these relationships with the guidance of an adult (Learn NC, 2015).

While most research I have thumbed through does not insist on practicing these skills everyday, we know that repetition in many cases means reinforcement. It is also the time for you as the teacher or parent to see which children are still struggling with number relationships in reference to 5 and 10. If students are not able to fluently state those relationships, they are not ready to start linking the relationships to addition and subtraction equations.


I have included some games and activities to scaffold this concept for your students below.

Activity 1: Five-Frame and Ten-Frame Tell About With Equations
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: five-frame (a halved tens frame) or ten-fame, 10 manipulatives.
·         Tell students that they are only allowed to put one manipulative in each square on the five-frame or ten frame.
·         Ask the students to show the number 3 on their five-frame. Ask students to share what they can learn about the number 3 from their mat. Then, guide students in writing down equations that match what the five- or ten-frame shows (i.e., 3 + 2 = 5, 5 – 2 = 3)  (adapted from Van de Walle, 2003).

Activity 2: Tens Frame Flash with Equations
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: playing card-sized tens frames showing numbers 1-10.
·         Students take turn flashing the cards to their partners. The partner states the number shown on the card as quickly as possible. The student then states an equation that matches the number shown. For example, if the number shown is 7, acceptable answers would include 7 + 3 = 10, 3 + 7 = 10, 10 – 7 = 3, and 10 – 3 = 7.
·         Students could also create equations in relationship to 5. If the number 7 was shown,  correct answers would include 5 + 2 = 7, 2 + 5 = 7, 7 – 5 = 2, and 7 – 2 = 5.
·         This activity can be differentiated for higher-level learners by adding a second ten-frame to the card and working with numbers to 20.
·         If the student is correct, he or she keeps the card. If the student is incorrect, the card is returned to the deck. The game is played until the student has earned all the cards. Partners then switch (adapted from Van de Walle, 2003).

Activity 3: Roll, Create, and Record
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: tens frame, a ten-sided die, 10 manipulatives, recording page
·         Students roll the die and create the number shown on their tens frame using the manipulatives provided.
·         Students discuss the relationship between the number shown and ten. Students then record an equation which relates to the number shown on the tens frame.
·         This activity can be differentiated to include fact families. In this version, students would not only show one of the equations that could be made with the tens frame, but the other three equations from the fact family as well. For example, if a student rolled a 3 on the die, the student would list the following equations: 3 + 7 = 10, 7 + 3 = 10, 10 – 7 = 3, and 10 – 3 = 7.

Activity 4: Backwards Bingo (Doubles +/- 1)
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5, 1.OA.C.6
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: one “thinking strategy” board and one “sums” board (see Figure 4 for examples), calling cards, cover chips
·         Students begin with their boards blank. The teacher pulls one calling card which have doubles plus or minus one facts such as “7 + 7 and one more” or “4 + 4 and one less”. Students then cover up the equation on the “thinking strategy” board and the answer on the “sums” board.
·         The student with four covered on one or both boards (teacher’s discretion) in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal pattern wins the round.
·         The teacher should lead this games several times in a small group until students are comfortable with the process. Students may then play this game in a small group with one student being the “caller” while others play the game (adapted from Myers & Thorton, 1977).

15
3
free
7

5 + 4
4 + 3
2 + 1
free
7
17
19
11
8 + 9
7 + 8
6 + 5
 8 + 7
 5
13
11
17
2 + 3
5 + 6
7 + 8
9 + 8
9
free
13
15
free
6 + 7
4 + 5
3 + 4

Figure 4 shows examples of both the “sum board” (board on the left) and the “thinking strategy” board (board on the right).
Activity 5: Sharing the Love (Doubles + 2)
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5, 1.OA.C.6
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: Balance beam, 20 unifix cubes of two different colors (10 of each color).
·          The teacher presents the student with a doubles-plus two equation such as 8 + 6 = s. The student then places the correct number of cubes on each side of the balance beam. Each addend should be a different color.
·         Ask student “how can we make each side of the balance beam even out?” The student should reply “by moving one cube over”.
·         Show the student that the original equation can be change into the doubles fact 7 + 7 = 14.
·         Students could also express the changes made to the balance beam (i.e., 8 – 1 = 6 + 1).
·         Have students record both equations on a recording page or in their math journal (adapted from Myers & Thorton, 1977).

Activity 6: Flip Flop
·         Standards addressed:
·         Standards addressed:
o    K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.NBT.B.2, 1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B.4, 1.OA.C.5, 1.OA.C.6
o   2.OA.B.2
·         Materials: Index Cards
·         On the front side (denoted by an F in the top right corner) of each index card write an addition or subtraction fact. On the reverse side of each card (denoted by a B in the top right corner), write a related addition or subtraction fact that would make solving the problem easier for students.  For example, if the front of the card says 7 + 8, the back would say 7 + 7 plus one more, or 8 + 8 minus one. This activity is not limited to doubles. A card could also read 9 + 4 on the front, with the back reading 10 + 4 and one less.
·         Students work with a partner. Each take turns flashing the F side to their partner. If the student cannot solve the front problem mentally, he or she can say “flip flop” and the student holding the card will flip the card to the B side to show the easier related fact.
·         If the student can state the answer to the F side without using the B problem, he or she receives his or her card plus one more from the stack. If the student can only answer with the help from the B side, he or she receives only the card originally shown. If the student cannot answer any of the problems shown, the original card goes to the bottom of the stack. It is now the other players turn (adapted from Myers & Thorton, 1977).

If you made it to the end of the post, you deserve a medal! I know that is a lot of information, but the good news is that all of those activities and the information shared wasn't pulled out of thin air. This is proven research compiled by people much smarter than I. I am simply putting it all in one place for you to see and use.

Please feel free to leave questions, comments, or ideas about topics you would like to see covered in upcoming posts. Thanks for being movers, shakers, and difference-makers!

With Love,
Elizabeth

Flexer, R. (1986). The power of five: The step before the power of ten. The Arithmetic Teacher, 34(3), 5-9. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from JSTOR.
Number sense every day. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/783?ref=search
Myers, A. C. & Thorton, C. A. (1977). The learning disabled child—learning the basic
     facts. Arithmetic Teacher, 25(3), 46-50.         
Van de Walle, J.A. (2003). Elementary & Middle School Mathematics. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Friday, February 20, 2015

The Road the Fluency

Recently I've been doing a bit of research on the best way to help our students become fluent in addition and subtraction. I know many of you reading this are probably saying,

"Hey Elizabeth, that's easy! Make them MEMORIZE their facts. That's how I learned them. It's hard at first, but they'll get it eventually."

While you may be right, I stumbled upon this lovely statistic while reading up on different studies done on memorization and the effectiveness of memorization as a strategy. In a study conducted by Henry and Brown in 2008 showed that only 11% of students made progress toward the memorization standard that was equivalent to their progress in the school year. That means 1 in 10 students didn't memorize as many facts as they should have in comparison to the progress they made overall. What's more is that this study was conducted in some of the highest performing schools in the nation.

So if only 11% of kids in these high-performing schools are able to adequately memorize information, how can we expect our "average" student to do the same? Instead, I propose we teach our students to THINK for themselves rather than memorize information. Sounds great right? So where do we start?

After reading many MANY more articles and several soul-baring discussions with other educators, my answer to that question is actually pretty simple. Use tens frames.

Yes. The simply array of 5 x  2 squares can help lay the foundation for fact fluency if implemented correctly! Kind of makes you think that the person who came up with the K.I.S.S acronym may not have been too far of the mark, huh?

According to Van de Walle (2003) we should begin to teach students about numbers and number relationships with a five frame (a tens frame cut in half). With the five frame, students work within 5 to discover the relationships of the numbers 0-5 and 5.

For example, if you asked a child to put three counters on their frame, they would have two empty spaces. The relationship between three and five is two ( 3 + 2 = 5, 5 - 2 = 3). Instead of giving you these equations students might say something like "well I have three counters. I have two empty spaces. So if I put two more down, I would have five counters." These are the connections that we want students to start making. After a fair amount of practice with a five frame, students can then progress to using a tens frame. Students need to continue to look for the relationships between the number given by the teacher (say 7) and the numbers 5 and 10 ( 7 is 2 more than 5 but 3 less than 10). These are the building blocks for fact fluency.













Figure 1: Example of a tens frame that may be used by students in the lower elementary grades to build fact fluency and a basic understanding of the concept that ten units is the same as one “ten”.

Try the following activities with your students. Make sure to have your students talk or write (even better: talk AND write) about the connections they see between numbers. Once students are fluent in the relationships between numbers 0-10, then we can start talking about introducing equations into the picture. Keep in mind that familiarity with the tens frame and numerical relationships are KEY!


Activity 1: Five-Frame Tell About
·          Standards Addressed:
o    K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5
·         Materials: five-frame (a halved tens frame), 10 manipulatives (cubes or coins)
·         Tell students that they are only allowed to put one manipulative in each square on the five-frame.
·         Ask the students to show the number 3 on their five-frame. Ask students to share what they can learn about the number 3 from their mat. After hearing responses from several students, guide the discussion on to other numbers 0-5.
·         Any response is correct. For example, a student may put two manipulatives on each side of the five-frame, leaving a space in the middle. This may result in a response such as “there is a space in the middle” or “four is two plus two”. (Van de Walle, 2003).

Activity 2: Ten-Frame Tell About
·         Standards Addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5
·         Materials: tens frame, manipuatilves (cubes or coins)
·         Students are told that only one manipulative may be used in each space.
·         The teacher asks students to create numbers 1-10 on their tens frame, and guides students in discussing the relationships between the number shown and 10. For example, if students are working with the number 6, a student may respond that “6 is 4 less than ten” or that “4 more than 6 is 10.”
·         Students may also relate numbers to five. For example “6 is 1 more than 5” is also an appropriate response. By relating numbers back to five, students increase the number of connections between numbers and their fluency in those relationships. (Van de Walle, 2003).



Activity 3: Crazy Mixed-Up Numbers
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5
·         Materials: tens frames, manipulatives (cubes or coins)
·         The teacher calls out numbers 0-10. Students make the number on their tens frames using the manipulatives.
·         This activity may be adapted to for lower-level students by working with a five-frame. Students may also play the game independently. Prior to playing independently, each child makes a list of 10-15 numbers to call out to their peers. One child acts as “teacher” calling out numbers. After their list is exhausted, another child may take the place of “teacher” and continue to call out numbers (Baratta-Lorton, 1976). 

Activity 4: Tens Frame Flash
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5
·         Materials: playing card-sized tens frames showing numbers 1-10
·         Students take turn flashing the cards to their partners. The partner states the number shown on the card as quickly as possible.
·         If the student is correct, he or she keeps the card. If the student is incorrect, the card is returned to the deck. The game is played until the student has earned all the cards. Partners then switch  (Van de Walle, 2003).


Activity 5: Interactive Tens Frame and Fives Frame
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B4
·         On this website, students interact with a digital tens frame or five frame. The website prompts students with instructions or questions such as “How many circles are there?” or “How many boxes are empty?” The student responds with his or her answer by either clicking numbers at the bottom of the screen or by typing in the number.
·         Other variations on the game include building numbers, adding manipulatives to make a larger number, and adding two numbers together.


Activity 6: Interactive Tens Frame
·         Standards addressed:
o   K.OA.A.1, K.OA.A.3, K.OA.A.4, K.OA.A.5, K.NBT.A.1
o   1.OA.B.3, 1.OA.B4
·         On this website, students see a tens frame filled with colorful butterflies. Some of the butterflies fly away. The student must name how many butterflies fly away and how many are left over.



Thanks for reading, and thanks for being a mover, a shaker, and a difference-maker!
-Liz


To read the Henry and Brown article in its entirety, click here: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034895